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Weight control: the eating process WEIGHT CONTROL: THE EATING PROCESS
Stripped to its essentials, eating is the process by which we bring life-supporting chemicals into our bodies, an act that occurs at reasonably predictable intervals over the course of a day. Once the food is ingested, acids and enzymes in the stomach break it down, after which it passes into the intestine.
The nutrients, such as glucose, fatty acids, and proteins, pass into the bloodstream and float along until they reach their various destinations: the liver, the muscles, and so on. The body uses some of the nutrients immediately. Others pass into reservoirs, such as the fat cells, where they bide their time, waiting for the metabolic call to duty. That call comes from hormones-insulin, for example-and other chemicals. These chemicals escort the nutrients into the cells and tissues, where, broken down to their component parts, they help fuel the engines of life.
Eating involves not just internal processes but external ones as well. When we eat, we literally absorb part of the outside environment and incorporate it into ourselves. Eventually we return part of the meal to the environment and the process repeats itself. No wonder then that food, serving as a direct link to the "outside world," can have such power over us! It's not surprising that some people begin to use food and eating in abnormal ways, as weapons in the battle to gain control over their environment.
Eating behavior is partly biological, governed by the physical needs of the individual. It's also partly social, determined by our interactions with other people. The way we think about food also affects the way we eat. For example, knowing that eating a candy bar at five o'clock could spoil her appetite for a big meal at six might affect a person's choice whether to snack or not. Emotional factors also come into play; the sheer pleasure of tasting or smelling food can determine the content, timing, or size of our meals. Even though our bodies may not be sending hunger signals, the very presence of a scrumptious chocolate cake may make us want to eat.
Eating behavior, then, may occur in response to forces that have nothing to do with our bodies' current nutritional needs. In treating the eating-disordered individual, there are two relevant questions to ask: "What biological abnormalities may be present?" and "Why have the non-biological factors that affect eating behavior come to dominate the biological factors?"
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